Grids are heavily accredited to Swiss Design, which emphasizes visual simplicity and uniformity through the deployment of design elements on a mathematically constructed grid, allowing for precise, clean layouts. This is why graphic designers use them.
A modular grid has consistent horizontal divisions from top to bottom in addition to vertical divisions from left to right.
Margins are the spaces separating the content in the middle from the edge of the paper.
The vertically aligned groupings of modules are called columns.
A grid module is each individual box in the module.
The continuous lines that align each module are called flowlines.
The gutter is the space between modules.
Just as typography evokes certain meanings based on typeface, typographic color evokes those same ideas bases on associations with color and different hues.
Hierarchy involves emphasizing, prioritizing and emphasizing certain elements of a graphic more heavily than others. Portrayed clearly, consciously implemented visual prompts direct a viewer's attention appropriately based on the importance of each individual element or piece of information.
White space, often misunderstood, can be an effective tool in establishing proper spacing to create a hierarchy. It can offer a visual "break" or even create suspense. Contrast, both within the layout and of the layout to its context, forces distinction between specific elements and allows important parts to stand apart.
(Answers paraphrased and quoted from Graphic Design Referenced by Bryony Gomez-Palacio and Armin Vit)
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